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556 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
556 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
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<style>
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iframe {
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}
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</style>
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# 第一期学习活动
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## 第1天
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### 任务:Web服务器基本工作原理学习
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学习资料:
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1、https://www.cnblogs.com/BOHB-yunying/articles/10911192.html
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2、《Web工作原理》见附件
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作业:写一篇小短文,发布在星球,小短文中需要回答几个问题
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一个web服务器,最基本的由哪几个核心组件组成?
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讲述一下,web服务器从收到一个请求,到完成这个请求的响应,主要流程是什么?
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将自己理解的Web服务器工作原理,绘制一张图
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附件:[Web工作原理.pdf](/web-server/files/day1-Web工作原理.pdf)
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### 作业
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看了一下网上搜索出来的感觉大都很专业,我就说说我自己的看法叭
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web服务器组件我理解的是包含以下部分
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- 配置文件、默认错误页面(像404, 500等错误页模板)
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- 日志记录模块
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- 端口监听模块
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- 业务处理模块
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- 请求响应模块
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- 扩展模块(如反向代理等)
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web服务器主要完成以下几件事
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1. 监听到客户端发来的请求
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涉及到计算机网络结构方面的知识
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2. 处理请求
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1. 取得请求方法(GET, POST, PUT等),解析url,进行路由
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2. 通过路由知道客户端的请求
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分成静态、动态两类,静态资源直接返回给客户端就行了,动态资源需要去对应提供服务的业务取得(像php, java, asp.net等等)
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3. 将响应返回给用户
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响应头中还包含一些扩展信息(像web服务器版本信息,MIME,缓存配置信息,静态资源还会有修改时间)
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![Web服务器工作原理](./static/diagram/day1-How-the-Web-server-works.svg)
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## 第2天
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### 任务:HTTP协议学习 & F12 & wireshark抓包
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学习资料:
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https://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2016/08/http.html
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https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/77376952
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https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural&vid=9883591515530208938
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作业:写一篇小短文,发布在星球,完成下面这些内容
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- HTTP请求主要由哪几个部分组成?
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- HTTP响应主要由哪几部分组成?
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- HTTP头部和数据如何组织在一起?
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- 这是世界上第一个网页:
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http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
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使用浏览器访问这个URL,并使用wireshark抓包,分析请求和响应。
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请求:Method、URI、HTTP版本、Headers
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响应:状态码、Headers、HTML内容
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### 作业
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#### HTTP请求主要由哪几个部分组成?
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**请求报文**
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1. **请求行**:请求方法字段、URL字段和HTTP协议版本
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例如:GET /index.html HTTP/1.1
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get方法将数据拼接在url后面,传递参数受限
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请求方法:GET、POST、HEAD、PUT、DELETE、OPTIONS、TRACE、CONNECT
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2. **请求头**(key value形式)
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- User-Agent:产生请求的浏览器类型。
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- Accept:客户端可识别的内容类型列表。
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- Host:主机地址
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3. **请求数据**
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post方法中,会把数据以key value形式发送请求
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4. **空行**
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发送回车符和换行符,通知服务器以下不再有请求头
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#### HTTP响应主要由哪几部分组成?
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**响应报文**
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1. **状态行**
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2. **消息报头**
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**3. 响应正文**
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#### HTTP头部和数据如何组织在一起?
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![HTTP请求报文](./static/day2-HTTP-request-message.png)
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#### Wireshark抓包
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首先打开Wireshark,访问:http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
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![](./static/day2-World-Wide-Web-shortcut.png)
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使用Wireshark抓包(按照 `ip.src == 188.184.21.108` 过滤,先 `Ctrl+R` 清除记录一次)
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![day2-wireshark](./static/day2-wireshark.png)
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按 `Ctrl+Alt+Shift+T` 追踪TCP流(右键 追踪流、TCP流)
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![day2-trace-tcp-stream](./static/day2-trace-tcp-stream.png)
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```
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GET /hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html HTTP/1.1
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Host: info.cern.ch
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User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:94.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/94.0
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Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
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Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2
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Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
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Connection: keep-alive
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Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
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Pragma: no-cache
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Cache-Control: no-cache
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HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 12:28:56 GMT
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Server: Apache
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Last-Modified: Thu, 03 Dec 1992 08:37:20 GMT
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ETag: "8a9-291e721905000"
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Accept-Ranges: bytes
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Content-Length: 2217
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Connection: close
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Content-Type: text/html
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<HEADER>
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<TITLE>The World Wide Web project</TITLE>
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<NEXTID N="55">
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</HEADER>
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<BODY>
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<H1>World Wide Web</H1>The WorldWideWeb (W3) is a wide-area<A
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NAME=0 HREF="WhatIs.html">
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hypermedia</A> information retrieval
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initiative aiming to give universal
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access to a large universe of documents.<P>
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Everything there is online about
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W3 is linked directly or indirectly
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to this document, including an <A
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NAME=24 HREF="Summary.html">executive
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summary</A> of the project, <A
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NAME=29 HREF="Administration/Mailing/Overview.html">Mailing lists</A>
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, <A
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NAME=30 HREF="Policy.html">Policy</A> , November's <A
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NAME=34 HREF="News/9211.html">W3 news</A> ,
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<A
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NAME=41 HREF="FAQ/List.html">Frequently Asked Questions</A> .
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<DL>
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<DT><A
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NAME=44 HREF="../DataSources/Top.html">What's out there?</A>
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<DD> Pointers to the
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world's online information,<A
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NAME=45 HREF="../DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html"> subjects</A>
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, <A
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NAME=z54 HREF="../DataSources/WWW/Servers.html">W3 servers</A>, etc.
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<DT><A
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NAME=46 HREF="Help.html">Help</A>
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<DD> on the browser you are using
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<DT><A
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NAME=13 HREF="Status.html">Software Products</A>
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<DD> A list of W3 project
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components and their current state.
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(e.g. <A
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NAME=27 HREF="LineMode/Browser.html">Line Mode</A> ,X11 <A
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NAME=35 HREF="Status.html#35">Viola</A> , <A
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NAME=26 HREF="NeXT/WorldWideWeb.html">NeXTStep</A>
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, <A
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NAME=25 HREF="Daemon/Overview.html">Servers</A> , <A
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NAME=51 HREF="Tools/Overview.html">Tools</A> ,<A
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NAME=53 HREF="MailRobot/Overview.html"> Mail robot</A> ,<A
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NAME=52 HREF="Status.html#57">
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Library</A> )
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<DT><A
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NAME=47 HREF="Technical.html">Technical</A>
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<DD> Details of protocols, formats,
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program internals etc
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<DT><A
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NAME=40 HREF="Bibliography.html">Bibliography</A>
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<DD> Paper documentation
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on W3 and references.
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<DT><A
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NAME=14 HREF="People.html">People</A>
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<DD> A list of some people involved
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in the project.
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<DT><A
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NAME=15 HREF="History.html">History</A>
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<DD> A summary of the history
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of the project.
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<DT><A
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NAME=37 HREF="Helping.html">How can I help</A> ?
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<DD> If you would like
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to support the web..
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<DT><A
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NAME=48 HREF="../README.html">Getting code</A>
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<DD> Getting the code by<A
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NAME=49 HREF="LineMode/Defaults/Distribution.html">
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anonymous FTP</A> , etc.</A>
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</DL>
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</BODY>
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```
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**请求**:
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Method:GET
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URI:/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html
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HTTP版本:HTTP/1.1
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Headers:
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Host: info.cern.ch
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User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:94.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/94.0
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Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
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Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2
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Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
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Connection: keep-alive
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Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
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Pragma: no-cache
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Cache-Control: no-cache
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**响应**:
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状态码:HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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Headers:
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Date: Mon, 29 Nov 2021 12:28:56 GMT
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Server: Apache
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Last-Modified: Thu, 03 Dec 1992 08:37:20 GMT
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ETag: "8a9-291e721905000"
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Accept-Ranges: bytes
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Content-Length: 2217
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Connection: close
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Content-Type: text/html
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HTML内容:
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略
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## 第3天
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### 任务:套接字编程基础知识
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学习资料:
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《网络编程》第六章(见附件)
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https://www.jianshu.com/p/6ca1c102fc00
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https://wenku.baidu.com/view/8d0f749881c758f5f71f6749.html
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作业:写一篇小短文,发布在星球,回答几个问题
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- 什么是套接字?
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- 套接字有哪几个类型?
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- 用套接字编写一个客户端和服务端,分别有哪几个步骤?
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附件:[Linux网络编程.pdf](/web-server/files/day3-Linux网络编程.pdf)
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### 作业
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#### 什么是套接字?
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套接字(socket)为通信的端点,每个套接字由一个 IP 地址和一个端口号组成。通过网络通信的每对进程需要使用一对套接字,即每个进程各有一个。
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#### 套接字有哪几个类型?
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套接字的类型
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常用的TCP/IP协议的3种套接字类型如下所示。
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流套接字(SOCK_STREAM):
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流套接字用于提供面向连接、可靠的数据传输服务。该服务将保证数据能够实现无差错、无重复发送,并按顺序接收。流套接字之所以能够实现可靠的数据服务,原因在于其使用了传输控制协议,即TCP(The Transmission Control Protocol)协议。
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数据包套接字(SOCK_DGRAM):
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数据包套接字提供了一种无连接的服务。该服务并不能保证数据传输的可靠性,数据有可能在传输过程中丢失或出现数据重复,且无法保证顺序地接收到数据。数据包套接字使用UDP(User Datagram Protocol)协议进行数据的传输。由于数据包套接字不能保证数据传输的可靠性,对于有可能出现的数据丢失情况,需要在程序中做相应的处理。
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原始套接字(SOCK_RAW):
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原始套接字(SOCKET_RAW)允许对较低层次的协议直接访问,比如IP、 ICMP协议,它常用于检验新的协议实现,或者访问现有服务中配置的新设备,因为RAW SOCKET可以自如地控制Windows下的多种协议,能够对网络底层的传输机制进行控制,所以可以应用原始套接字来操纵网络层和传输层应用。比如,我们可以通过RAW SOCKET来接收发向本机的ICMP、IGMP协议包,或者接收TCP/IP栈不能够处理的IP包,也可以用来发送一些自定包头或自定协议的IP包。网络监听技术很大程度上依赖于SOCKET_RAW
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原始套接字与标准套接字(标准套接字指的是前面介绍的流套接字和数据包套接字)的区别在于:原始套接字可以读写内核没有处理的IP数据包,而流套接字只能读取TCP协议的数据,数据报套接字只能读取UDP协议的数据。因此,如果要访问其他协议发送数据必须使用原始套接字。
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#### 用套接字编写一个客户端和服务端,分别有哪几个步骤?
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**服务端**:
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1. 返回socket句柄
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2. 设置套接字
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3. 绑定端口,开始监听
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4. 等待客户端连接
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**客户端**:
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1. 创建连接
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2. 发送请求
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|||
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|
|||
|
-----
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
下面是网上找到的:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
**服务器**:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
1. socketfd = socket(........); 返回一个socket文件句柄
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
2. 设置套接字 setsockopt(socketfd , SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &on, sizeof(on)) < 0) // int on =1; SO_REUSEADDR表示可以重复使用一个端口
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
3. memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
|
|||
|
addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
|
|||
|
addr.sin_port = ; (端口号) */
|
|||
|
addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); /* 可以监听本地的所有的ip */
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
4. bind(socketfd , (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)) != 0 ) // 绑定端口和IP
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
5. listen(socketfd , 10) != 0 /* 启动监测数据,最多可以同时连接10个客服端 */
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
6. clientfd = accept(socketfd , (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &addr_len); /* 等待客服端的链接,如果有链接,则建立链接 返回一个客服端的clientfd 会堵塞*/
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
**客户端**:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
1. iSocketClient = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); // SOCK_DGRAM 表示UDP
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
2. tSocketServerAddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
|
|||
|
tSocketServerAddr.sin_port = htons(端口号); /* host to net, short */
|
|||
|
//tSocketServerAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
3. iRet = connect(iSocketClient, (const struct sockaddr *)&tSocketServerAddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr)); // 连接
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
参考:https://blog.csdn.net/lgz929974811/article/details/106006925
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## ★ 第4天
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 任务:编写一个TCP Client,发出一个简单的HTTP请求
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
学习资料:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
- C/C++ socket编程:《网络编程》(见附件)
|
|||
|
- Python socket编程:[https://www.cnblogs.com/george92/p/9291394.html](https://www.cnblogs.com/george92/p/9291394.html)
|
|||
|
- Java socket编程:[https://m.runoob.com/java/java-networking.html](https://m.runoob.com/java/java-networking.html)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
作业:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
编写一个TCP Client程序,向http://www.baidu.com发起一个GET请求,并把服务器返回的数据打印出来
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
附件:[Linux网络编程.pdf](/web-server/files/day3-Linux网络编程.pdf)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 作业
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
面向连接的socket的工作流程👇
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
![day4-the-workflow-of-connection-oriented-sockets](./static/day4-the-workflow-of-connection-oriented-sockets.png)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
无连接的socket工作流程👇
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
![day4-the-workflow-of-connection-oriented-sockets](./static/day4-the-workflow-of-connection-oriented-sockets.png)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## ★ 第5天
|
|||
|
### 任务:编写一个TCP Server,发出一个简单的HTTP响应
|
|||
|
学习资料:同昨天相同
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
作业:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
编写一个TCP Server程序,当收到客户发来GET请求时(先不用管请求的具体是什么),都返回一个网页,网页的内容如下:
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
```html
|
|||
|
<html>
|
|||
|
<body>
|
|||
|
<h1>这是我的第一个网页!</h1>
|
|||
|
</body>
|
|||
|
</html>
|
|||
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
使用浏览器去访问自己写的这个TCP Server,截图展示访问效果
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
然后使用前一天自己编写的TCP Client去请求这个Server,通过Client将这个网页内容打印出来!
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 作业
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## ★ 第8天
|
|||
|
### 任务:改造TCP Server,发送一个HTML文件
|
|||
|
学习资料:同任务4
|
|||
|
作业:今天的任务只有一个改动,就是将第五天任务中的TCP Server返回的那个网页内容,改为从文件中加载,而不是固定写死在代码中。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## ★ 第9天
|
|||
|
### 任务:使用多线程
|
|||
|
学习资料:同任务4
|
|||
|
作业:
|
|||
|
在原来TCP Server基础上进行改造:当服务器收到连接请求时,启动一个单独的线程进行处理。并且不要关闭连接,继续监听这个客户端后续的请求。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
附件:[Linux网络编程.pdf](/web-server/files/day3-Linux网络编程.pdf)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 作业
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
## 第10天
|
|||
|
### 任务:设计并使用配置文件
|
|||
|
学习资料:无
|
|||
|
作业:
|
|||
|
Web服务器一般会拥有多个参数,将服务器绑定的IP、端口、HTML文件所在的目录,写在配置文件中,程序启动的时候进行加载。
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
需要自己设计自己的Web服务器的文件格式,可以参考JSON、XML、YML等格式
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 作业
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
<iframe src="/web-server/files/day10-conf.json"></iframe>
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
![day10-conf-image](./static/day10-conf-image.png)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 作业
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 作业
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 作业
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
### 作业
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
-----
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
11.29 11:01
|
|||
|
其他人的作业
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
# 笔记
|
|||
|
#### 回答轩辕大佬的问题:
|
|||
|
##### 1.Web服务器 约等于 HTTP服务器 + 其他服务
|
|||
|
(先不去管它这些操作具体的名称,单纯记录他的操作,后面再补)
|
|||
|
包含:拿到数据包之后解包的东西、解析客户端的意图的东西、进行分类处理,或是提供某种文件、或是处理数据的东西、将结果装入缓冲区的东西、将以HTTP协议格式打包的东西、将该数据包推入Internet的东西
|
|||
|
##### 2.主要流程是:接收数据 ⇒ HTTP解析 ⇒ 逻辑处理 ⇒ HTTP封包 ⇒ 发送数据
|
|||
|
##### 3.用电脑画图画的,有点丑哈哈哈
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
#### 其他
|
|||
|
顺便熟悉一下Markdown语法哈哈哈
|
|||
|
稍微浏览了一下计网的书,感觉轩辕大佬的模式很好,通过项目学习,补充细节
|
|||
|
在公众号搜到几篇文章,感觉挺有意思的,特别是有画小人的那个图解的
|
|||
|
##### 网址信息收集
|
|||
|
__*下面四个是一个系列的*__
|
|||
|
[# 自己动手开发一个 Web 服务器(一)](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/cTfLlJNpKhixk31zlvaFgg)
|
|||
|
[# 自己动手开发一个 Web 服务器(二)](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2ulVC3L3w3YLcN4QS6lEvA)
|
|||
|
[# 自己动手开发一个 Web 服务器(三)《https://wx.zsxq.com/mweb/views/weread/search.html?keyword=A》](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Yn_4XhwNSAuqNFGAilSmAA)
|
|||
|
[# 自己动手开发一个 Web 服务器(三)《https://wx.zsxq.com/mweb/views/weread/search.html?keyword=B》](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/B0CRXwKs8Z8FrW5tbEVHpg)
|
|||
|
***
|
|||
|
[#Web服务器工作原理详解(基础篇)](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/eb7xOT0-2uE9caaEfAqSCg)(就是轩辕大佬发的)
|
|||
|
[# Linux下Web服务器详解](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/RZFQLpgjHj1V89BWyT8pQA)
|
|||
|
[# Linux | 搭建Web服务器](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/X6u3SBhZ7A54-uczToD9Kw)
|
|||
|
[# 来写一个属于自己的Web服务器](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/W5eDKKcHwlHtc-ssWOWBAg)
|
|||
|
[# 开发一个属于自己的 web 服务器](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/zX8JGTQ-GwC2q63UuIQKFw)
|
|||
|
[# 如何开发一个web静态服务器](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/H_t4jPSiBdogYVscoqUVaA)
|
|||
|
[# 开发一个 web 服务器](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/EoDV6g93TzKMGDV-R12jqA)
|
|||
|
[# web服务器开发之理论篇](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ufQ68pdC7ZR3aI2gKZdsgw)
|
|||
|
[# 手写一个 web 服务器!](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/cKgoSqIk97M1M9Q-gBOLBw)
|
|||
|
[# Python 高手之路:从零开始打造一个Web服务器](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/3OWFXRTfhL30twQF4UzFUQ)
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
|
|||
|
https://t.zsxq.com/YNZNRnm
|