{ "data": { "question": { "questionId": "1337", "questionFrontendId": "1206", "categoryTitle": "Algorithms", "boundTopicId": 31694, "title": "Design Skiplist", "titleSlug": "design-skiplist", "content": "
Design a Skiplist without using any built-in libraries.
\n\nA skiplist is a data structure that takes O(log(n))
time to add, erase and search. Comparing with treap and red-black tree which has the same function and performance, the code length of Skiplist can be comparatively short and the idea behind Skiplists is just simple linked lists.
For example, we have a Skiplist containing [30,40,50,60,70,90]
and we want to add 80
and 45
into it. The Skiplist works this way:
\nArtyom Kalinin [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
You can see there are many layers in the Skiplist. Each layer is a sorted linked list. With the help of the top layers, add, erase and search can be faster than O(n)
. It can be proven that the average time complexity for each operation is O(log(n))
and space complexity is O(n)
.
See more about Skiplist: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_list
\n\nImplement the Skiplist
class:
Skiplist()
Initializes the object of the skiplist.bool search(int target)
Returns true
if the integer target
exists in the Skiplist or false
otherwise.void add(int num)
Inserts the value num
into the SkipList.bool erase(int num)
Removes the value num
from the Skiplist and returns true
. If num
does not exist in the Skiplist, do nothing and return false
. If there exist multiple num
values, removing any one of them is fine.Note that duplicates may exist in the Skiplist, your code needs to handle this situation.
\n\n\n
Example 1:
\n\n\nInput\n["Skiplist", "add", "add", "add", "search", "add", "search", "erase", "erase", "search"]\n[[], [1], [2], [3], [0], [4], [1], [0], [1], [1]]\nOutput\n[null, null, null, null, false, null, true, false, true, false]\n\nExplanation\nSkiplist skiplist = new Skiplist();\nskiplist.add(1);\nskiplist.add(2);\nskiplist.add(3);\nskiplist.search(0); // return False\nskiplist.add(4);\nskiplist.search(1); // return True\nskiplist.erase(0); // return False, 0 is not in skiplist.\nskiplist.erase(1); // return True\nskiplist.search(1); // return False, 1 has already been erased.\n\n
\n
Constraints:
\n\n0 <= num, target <= 2 * 104
5 * 104
calls will be made to search
, add
, and erase
.不使用任何库函数,设计一个 跳表 。
\n\n跳表 是在 O(log(n))
时间内完成增加、删除、搜索操作的数据结构。跳表相比于树堆与红黑树,其功能与性能相当,并且跳表的代码长度相较下更短,其设计思想与链表相似。
例如,一个跳表包含 [30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 90]
,然后增加 80
、45
到跳表中,以下图的方式操作:
\nArtyom Kalinin [CC BY-SA 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons
跳表中有很多层,每一层是一个短的链表。在第一层的作用下,增加、删除和搜索操作的时间复杂度不超过 O(n)
。跳表的每一个操作的平均时间复杂度是 O(log(n))
,空间复杂度是 O(n)
。
了解更多 : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_list
\n\n在本题中,你的设计应该要包含这些函数:
\n\nbool search(int target)
: 返回target是否存在于跳表中。void add(int num)
: 插入一个元素到跳表。bool erase(int num)
: 在跳表中删除一个值,如果 num
不存在,直接返回false. 如果存在多个 num
,删除其中任意一个即可。注意,跳表中可能存在多个相同的值,你的代码需要处理这种情况。
\n\n\n\n
示例 1:
\n\n\n输入\n[\"Skiplist\", \"add\", \"add\", \"add\", \"search\", \"add\", \"search\", \"erase\", \"erase\", \"search\"]\n[[], [1], [2], [3], [0], [4], [1], [0], [1], [1]]\n输出\n[null, null, null, null, false, null, true, false, true, false]\n\n解释\nSkiplist skiplist = new Skiplist();\nskiplist.add(1);\nskiplist.add(2);\nskiplist.add(3);\nskiplist.search(0); // 返回 false\nskiplist.add(4);\nskiplist.search(1); // 返回 true\nskiplist.erase(0); // 返回 false,0 不在跳表中\nskiplist.erase(1); // 返回 true\nskiplist.search(1); // 返回 false,1 已被擦除\n\n\n
\n\n
提示:
\n\n0 <= num, target <= 2 * 104
search
, add
, erase
操作次数不大于 5 * 104
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out-of-bounds<\\/code>\\u548c
use-after-free<\\/code>\\u9519\\u8bef\\u3002<\\/p>\\r\\n\\r\\n
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out-of-bounds<\\/code>\\u548c
use-after-free<\\/code>\\u9519\\u8bef\\u3002<\\/p>\\r\\n\\r\\n
\\r\\nstruct hash_entry {\\r\\n int id; \\/* we'll use this field as the key *\\/\\r\\n char name[10];\\r\\n UT_hash_handle hh; \\/* makes this structure hashable *\\/\\r\\n};\\r\\n\\r\\nstruct hash_entry *users = NULL;\\r\\n\\r\\nvoid add_user(struct hash_entry *s) {\\r\\n HASH_ADD_INT(users, id, s);\\r\\n}\\r\\n<\\/pre>\\r\\n<\\/p>\\r\\n\\r\\n
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\\r\\nvoid delete_user(struct hash_entry *user) {\\r\\n HASH_DEL(users, user); \\r\\n}\\r\\n<\\/pre>\\r\\n<\\/p>\"],\"csharp\":[\"C#\",\"
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